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Egyptian clover (Berseem)

Leave a Comment / Agriculture, Cultivation /

Egyptian clover, or berseem, Trifolium alexandrinum is a very important crop, for fodder and soil fertility maintenance. Berseem was domesticated in Egypt for more than 5000 years ago and is now widespread in irrigated cropping systems in west and south Asia and used in commercial farming in many countries with mild winters; India is now the largest producer. Egyptian clover is a fast-growing annual legume that is commonly used as a forage crop for animals as well as a green manure to improve soil fertility. It is native to the Middle East and the Mediterranean region but has been introduced to other parts of the world, including the United States and India, for agricultural purposes. Berseem clover is valued for several reasons: High Nutritional Value: It is rich in protein and highly palatable to livestock, making it an excellent feed for cattle, horses, and other animals. Soil Improvement: As a legume, it has the ability to fix nitrogen from the atmosphere into the soil through a symbiotic relationship with Rhizobium bacteria in its root nodules. This nitrogen fixation can reduce the need for chemical fertilizers. Fast Growth: It can be harvested multiple times in a growing season because it regrows quickly after cutting. Erosion Control: Its rapid growth and extensive root system can help prevent soil erosion. Weed Suppression: The dense canopy formed by Berseem clover can suppress weeds, reducing the need for herbicides. Winter Cover Crop: In some regions, it is used as a winter cover crop to protect the soil from erosion during the off-season and to add organic matter when it is plowed under in the spring. Berseem clover is typically sown in the fall in warmer climates, typically starting from the fourth of October until the end of November. It can be either grazed by animals or harvested for hay or silage. It requires well-drained soil and moderate irrigation to thrive but is generally considered a low-maintenance crop. Berseem can withstand alkaline soil and moderate salinity in the soil. A very useful book about Berseem issued by the FAO can be found at the following link: Egyptian Clover

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Giant cell lesions

Leave a Comment / Pathology /

Are lesions in which multinucleated giant cells constitute a hallmark, making their characterization by microscopy alone very unreliable and thus needing further investigations for their differential diagnosis. These lesions should not be confused with other lesions that may contain giant cells, such as TB. The latter lesions are usually easy to diagnose as they show some other pathognomonic features. List of giant cell lesions Peripheral giant cell granuloma Central giant cell granuloma Giant cell tumor of bone (osteoclastoma) Giant cell fibroma Aneurysmal bone cyst Familial fibrous dysplasia (cherubism) Brown nodes of hyperparathyroidism Other lesions which may contain giant cells In this group of lesions, multinucleated giant cells may be seen scattered in the microscopic fields, but they do not constitute a hallmark of the lesion. Some of these giant cells have a characteristic morphology that aids in the diagnostic process. Infections: TB granulomas Syphilitic granulomas Actinomycosis Periapical granulomas Foreign body granulomas Tumors: Benign osteoblastoma Benign chondroblastoma Benign cementoblastoma (true cementoma) Benign fibrous histiocytoma Malignant fibrous histiocytoma Verruciform xanthoma (contains Touton giant cells) Intradermal nevi (contain Touton-like giant cells) Developmental conditions: Facial fibrous dysplasia Cheilitis granulomatosa Conditions of obscure nature: Sarcoidosis Paget’s disease of bone

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